The evolution of life - Jordan
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Jordan N.
And 75 Evolution of Life: A Handbook. benefits for students. Executive. ped. Study, institutions. - M .:
The publishing center "Academy", 2001. - 432 p.
The tutorial discusses the current state of evolutionary theory, an overview of the historical development of the major groups of organisms in relation to changes in the conditions of life in the geological past of the Earth. They discussed the most important and controversial issues of modern biology: biological species and speciation, the driving force of the evolutionary process and limiting factors, focus and predictability Bridge evolution, evolutionary progress, the origin of man and his place in nature, and others.
The book can also be useful to students of biological, medical and of agricultural universities, teacher of biology and a wide range of readers interested-ing general problems of biology.
And 75 Evolution of Life: A Handbook. benefits for students. Executive. ped. Study, institutions. - M .:
The publishing center "Academy", 2001. - 432 p.
The tutorial discusses the current state of evolutionary theory, an overview of the historical development of the major groups of organisms in relation to changes in the conditions of life in the geological past of the Earth. They discussed the most important and controversial issues of modern biology: biological species and speciation, the driving force of the evolutionary process and limiting factors, focus and predictability Bridge evolution, evolutionary progress, the origin of man and his place in nature, and others.
The book can also be useful to students of biological, medical and of agricultural universities, teacher of biology and a wide range of readers interested-ing general problems of biology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 3
INTRODUCTION 4
6 PART I. HISTORY EVOLYUTSIONISTIKI: Darwinism and Lamarckism 6
CHAPTER 1 6 EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 6EVOLYUTSIONNYH on 6
Creationism and transformism 7
CHAPTER 2. THE EVOLUTION 9TEORIYA ZH.B.LAMARKA 9
Variability of organisms 9
DOCTRINE OF GRADUATION 9
Effects on the body EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 10
CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION Darwin 15
Variability of organisms 15
Domestication 15
Artificial selection 16
Variability of organisms in nature 17
The struggle for existence and natural selection 18
Results of natural selection 20
CHAPTER 4. NEOLAMARKIZM 27
MAIN AREAS NEOLAMARKIZMA 27
Adequacy SOMATIC INDUCTION 29
ATTEMPTS experimental evidence NEOLAMARKIZMA 31
NEOLAMARKIZM AND MAIN PROBLEMS evolutionary theory 35
Chapter 5. The formation of the modern theory of evolution 38
Darwinism and Genetics 38
FORMATION synthetic theory of evolution 40
PART II. Microevolution and species 43
CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND ELEMENTARY evolutionary process: Shape variation of organisms 44
MODERN CONCEPTS OF heredity of organisms 44
Reaction norm, modification variability and the problem of reverse transcription 47
Mutational variability 49
Phenotypic expression of gene action 53
Mutation Process 57
MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 59
Mutations in the gene pools of 64
CHAPTER 2 Species 67
VIEW AS BIOLOGICAL Macrosystems 67
Population structure 69
VIEW IN SPACE 70
VIEW TIME 73
Adaptation and adaptability FORM 74
Polymorphism of the species 75
Sympatric INTRASPECIFIC GROUPING 77
CHAPTER 3. FACTORS OF EVOLUTION 79
NATURAL SELECTION 79
INTENSITY OF SELECTION 81
SHAPE SELECTION 82
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ACTION 90
Population size and gene 92
CHAPTER 4. Speciation and interspecies relationships 96
Speciation Allopatrichesky 96
PROBLEM sympatric speciation 98
RATES OF SPECIES FORMATION 100
RELATIONS related species 101
Interspecific relationships in ecosystems and COEVOLUTION 105
CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES 109
COMPLEX SPECIAL ISSUE OF DEVELOPMENT 110
DEVELOPMENT BASED DEVICES 112 pre-adaptation
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL pre-adaptation and change the function 114
And on the fitting inadaptive EVOLUTION 121
Hyperadaptive 124
PART III. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT (phylogeny) of the organism 127
Chapter 1. The development of life and the mystery KRIPTOZOE Lower Cambrian 130
DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE IN THE FIRST HALF KRIPTOZOYA 130
Life in the Middle Proterozoic and origin EUKARYOTES 133
Origin of multicellular organisms 137
"Explosive evolution" in the Cambrian 147
Chapter 2. Life in the Paleozoic ERA 153
LIFE IN THE ARENA Paleozoic 153
Life in the Paleozoic seas and freshwaters 156
DEVELOPMENT OF LAND 170
Life in the Late Paleozoic 183
CHAPTER 3. Mesozoic Era - 192 CENTURY REPTILES
UPDATE flora and fauna in the Triassic 193
LIFE IN THE SEAS 202 MESOZOIC
AGE OF DINOSAURS 207
Flying lizards, and birds 217
CHANGE OF GROUND IN THE SECOND HALF BIOCENOSES MESOZOIC 223
GREAT EXTINCTION 227
CHAPTER 4. Cenozoic - CENTURY 235 mammals and birds
On cut off the mainland 247
The development of life in the Neogene 251
Quaternary 256
CHAPTER 5. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN 262
The early stages of primate evolution 264
Evolution of Apes 266
EVOLUTION OF THE GENUS HOMO 272
PART IV. MACROEVOLUTION 282
CHAPTER 1. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 285
Differentiation ORGANISM In ontogenesis 285
Expression of Mutations in the phenotype 288
RELATIONS ontogeny and phylogeny 289
Pedomorphosis 293
Ontogeny and integrity of the body 298
CHAPTER 2 RELATIONS macroevolution and microevolution 304
SALTATSIONNAYA CONCEPT macroevolution 304
Reductionist CONCEPT 309
System concept of macroevolution 315
CHAPTER 3. PROBLEM AREAS macroevolution and its direction 318
Foreword 3
INTRODUCTION 4
6 PART I. HISTORY EVOLYUTSIONISTIKI: Darwinism and Lamarckism 6
CHAPTER 1 6 EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 6EVOLYUTSIONNYH on 6
Creationism and transformism 7
CHAPTER 2. THE EVOLUTION 9TEORIYA ZH.B.LAMARKA 9
Variability of organisms 9
DOCTRINE OF GRADUATION 9
Effects on the body EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 10
CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION Darwin 15
Variability of organisms 15
Domestication 15
Artificial selection 16
Variability of organisms in nature 17
The struggle for existence and natural selection 18
Results of natural selection 20
CHAPTER 4. NEOLAMARKIZM 27
MAIN AREAS NEOLAMARKIZMA 27
Adequacy SOMATIC INDUCTION 29
ATTEMPTS experimental evidence NEOLAMARKIZMA 31
NEOLAMARKIZM AND MAIN PROBLEMS evolutionary theory 35
Chapter 5. The formation of the modern theory of evolution 38
Darwinism and Genetics 38
FORMATION synthetic theory of evolution 40
PART II. Microevolution and species 43
CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND ELEMENTARY evolutionary process: Shape variation of organisms 44
MODERN CONCEPTS OF heredity of organisms 44
Reaction norm, modification variability and the problem of reverse transcription 47
Mutational variability 49
Phenotypic expression of gene action 53
Mutation Process 57
MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 59
Mutations in the gene pools of 64
CHAPTER 2 Species 67
VIEW AS BIOLOGICAL Macrosystems 67
Population structure 69
VIEW IN SPACE 70
VIEW TIME 73
Adaptation and adaptability FORM 74
Polymorphism of the species 75
Sympatric INTRASPECIFIC GROUPING 77
CHAPTER 3. FACTORS OF EVOLUTION 79
NATURAL SELECTION 79
INTENSITY OF SELECTION 81
SHAPE SELECTION 82
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ACTION 90
Population size and gene 92
CHAPTER 4. Speciation and interspecies relationships 96
Speciation Allopatrichesky 96
PROBLEM sympatric speciation 98
RATES OF SPECIES FORMATION 100
RELATIONS related species 101
Interspecific relationships in ecosystems and COEVOLUTION 105
CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES 109
COMPLEX SPECIAL ISSUE OF DEVELOPMENT 110
DEVELOPMENT BASED DEVICES 112 pre-adaptation
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL pre-adaptation and change the function 114
And on the fitting inadaptive EVOLUTION 121
Hyperadaptive 124
PART III. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT (phylogeny) of the organism 127
Chapter 1. The development of life and the mystery KRIPTOZOE Lower Cambrian 130
DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE IN THE FIRST HALF KRIPTOZOYA 130
Life in the Middle Proterozoic and origin EUKARYOTES 133
Origin of multicellular organisms 137
"Explosive evolution" in the Cambrian 147
Chapter 2. Life in the Paleozoic ERA 153
LIFE IN THE ARENA Paleozoic 153
Life in the Paleozoic seas and freshwaters 156
DEVELOPMENT OF LAND 170
Life in the Late Paleozoic 183
CHAPTER 3. Mesozoic Era - 192 CENTURY REPTILES
UPDATE flora and fauna in the Triassic 193
LIFE IN THE SEAS 202 MESOZOIC
AGE OF DINOSAURS 207
Flying lizards, and birds 217
CHANGE OF GROUND IN THE SECOND HALF BIOCENOSES MESOZOIC 223
GREAT EXTINCTION 227
CHAPTER 4. Cenozoic - CENTURY 235 mammals and birds
On cut off the mainland 247
The development of life in the Neogene 251
Quaternary 256
CHAPTER 5. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN 262
The early stages of primate evolution 264
Evolution of Apes 266
EVOLUTION OF THE GENUS HOMO 272
PART IV. MACROEVOLUTION 282
CHAPTER 1. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 285
Differentiation ORGANISM In ontogenesis 285
Expression of Mutations in the phenotype 288
RELATIONS ontogeny and phylogeny 289
Pedomorphosis 293
Ontogeny and integrity of the body 298
CHAPTER 2 RELATIONS macroevolution and microevolution 304
SALTATSIONNAYA CONCEPT macroevolution 304
Reductionist CONCEPT 309
System concept of macroevolution 315
CHAPTER 3. PROBLEM AREAS macroevolution and its direction 318